Perceptual Constancies

Size constancy-The tendency to perceive the object as being the same size regardless of whether it's close or far away. 

For example:We know the two cans are the exact same size even though they are in different positions and look different sizes we know that they are the exact same size. 

Brightness Constancy-The tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illuminations. 

For example:In the image the gray color has a different conditions in regards to the color surrounding it. The two gray coloring is still the same shade but the conditions are different. 

Shape Constancy-the tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it. 

For example:The door is always the same shape but when the door is oriented to a different angle it appears that it has a trapezoid shape and not a rectangular shape. 

Visual Illusions-This is an illusion that is characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a false perception. 

For example:All these examples have different patterns or different pieces to the image that we would perceive as misleading. 

Depth Perception

Monocular Cues

Relative Size-If two objects are roughly the same size, the object that looks the largest will be judged as being the closest to the observer. 

For example:All these pool balls are exactly the same size, but the one that we see in the very front appears to be the closest because of the largest size opposed to those in the background.  

Relative Height-This is depth perception in which objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as being further away. 

For example: In this image we see the taller tree further away because it is higher in our field of vision so we perceive the taller tree as being farther away.  

Relative Clarity-This is depth perception when hazy objects appear farther away than sharp, clear objects.

For example:We can recognize the closer objects to us because we can distinctly see the features of the object and as the object losses clarity we can tell that the object is getting further away.

Interposition-This is depth perception when one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive the object that is blocking the other as being closer.

For example:We can tell that the first statue is the closest because the first statue partially blocks our view of  all the other statues so we can tell that the object that is not being blocked is the closest to the viewer. 

Linear perspective-This is depth perception when, the more the parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

For example:The parallel line are the two sides of the roads, and the two sides of the road lead all the way back in the picture, this can show us the the more depth perception by the way the lines converge.  

Binocular Cues 

Retinal disparity-This is the way that your left and right eye view slightly different images. 

For example:In the left picture we can see what it is like looking through only your left eye and you can only see trees.In the right picture you can see a different image that you couldn't see with your left eye and that is a house and tress. 
 
Convergence-In order to perceive depth properly, your eyes must move slightly inward or converge. In so doing, people are able to determine if objects are close to them or far away.

For example:In this picture we can see trees far away and close up, as a result of our eye convergence we can perceive depth in the proper way and tell if an object is close to us or far away from us. 
  

Rules of Perceptual Organization

Closure-Gestalt principle that explains how humans fill in visual gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object.

For example:We see three incomplete circles, but we can figure out that the shapes create a triangle because we can fill in the gaps of the figure. 

Continuity-Gestalt principle that states people have the tendency to group stimuli into continuous lines and patterns.

For example:We can group this flock of geese into a familiar shape or pattern, in this case this would be the shape of a V. 

Similarity-This is a rule of grouping humans that we use everyday unconsciously, this refers to the tendency for humans to group together objects or stimuli that seem similar to each other. 

For example:In this picture we can see two different groups, black squares and white squares, we will group the squares in different groups because they have distinct different appearances.   

Proximity-This means closeness, in terms of physical distance, personal relationship, or length of time. The principle shows that individuals are more likely to form social relationships with people who are close in proximity.

For example:Proximity can mean many things, from relationships to length of time, in this case the two people are more likely to form a social relationship with each other as opposed to someone that lives in another city.   
  
Figure-Ground Perception- A type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision, and identifying objects from the background.

For example:We can use this to find out an object from the background, if we look at just the white portion of the picture we see a vase like object, but if we look at the black portion we can see that the background forms two similar faces. 

Perception of Movement(Stroboscopic motion)-This the illusion of motion that occurs when a stationary object is first seen briefly in one location and, following a short interval, seen in another location. 

For example:In this image if you stare at one portion of the picture and shift your eyes away and then back to a different part of the image you will see the image move in other areas not just one single area. 

Phi Phenomenon-Motion perceived by a subject, especially the illusion of movement produced when stationary stimuli, like pictures or lights, are presented in rapid succession and are sometimes in slightly different positions.  

For example:In this image we can see the plane propellers are moving very fast but the propellers are moving so quick that we can see another portion where it appears that the propellers are moving much slower than they actually are.   

Reversible Figures-An ambiguous 2 dimensional drawing that represents a three dimensional object in such a way that it can be seen from two different perspectives. 

For example:In this image is it clearly a 2 dimensional cube but i'ts an ambiguous figure. Some can see the the bottom of the cube and some can see the top, this is due to the multiple perspectives of the figure.